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Atari DOS is the disk operating system used with the Atari 8-bit family of computers. Operating system extensions loaded into memory were required in order for an Atari computer to manage files stored on a disk drive. These extensions to the operating system added the. In response to the catastrophic flooding caused by Tropical Storms Irene and Lee, the DOS incorporated the Smart Growth funds into its Long Term Recovery Plan for affected communities – part of Governor Cuomo’s broader effort to assist communities with short-term recovery and long-term planning.

Introduction to SmartOS¶

Welcome to the SmartOS Documentation. Here you'll find everythingyou need to get started using SmartOS and participating in thecommunity. Information about what's new in recent releases can befound in the SmartOS Changelog.

Quick Start¶

Not sure where to begin? Try theSmartOS Quick Start Guide!

SmartOS In a Nutshell¶

SmartOS is a specialized Type 1 Hypervisor platformbased on illumos. It supports two types of virtualization:

• OS Virtual Machines (Zones): A light-weight virtualization solution offering a complete and secure userland environment on a single global kernel, offering true bare metal performance and all the features illumos has, namely dynamic introspection via DTrace
• Hardware Virtual Machines (KVM, Bhyve): A full virtualization solution for running a variety of guest OS's including Linux, Windows, *BSD, Plan9 and more

SmartOS is a 'live OS', it is always booted via PXE, ISO, or USBKey and runs entirely from memory, allowing the local disks to beused entirely for hosting virtual machines without wasting disksfor the root OS. This architecture has a variety of advantagesincluding increased security, no need for patching, fast upgradesand recovery.

Virtualization in SmartOS builds on top of the foundational illumostechnologies inherited from OpenSolaris, namely:

• ZFS for storage virtualization
• Crossbow (dladm) for network virtualization
• Zones for virtualization and containment
• DTrace for introspection
• SMF for service management
• RBAC/BSM for auditing and role based security
• And more

SmartOS is typically 'installed' by downloading and copying the OSimage onto a USB key and then booting that key. On the first boota configuration utility will configure your base networking, allowyou to set the root password, and allow you to select which disksto use to create the ZFS Zpool which will provide persistent storage.

When you log into SmartOS you will enter the 'global zone'. Fromhere you can download VM Images using the imgadm tool, which arepre-configured OS and KVM virtual machines. You can then use thevmadm tool to create and manage both OS and hardware virtualmachines.

An important aspect of SmartOS is that both OS (Zones) and hardwarevirtual machines are both built on Zones technology. In the caseof OS virtualization, the guest virtual machine is provided with acomplete userland environment on which to run applications directly.In the case of HVM virtualization, the qemu or bhyve processwill run within a stripped down Zone. This offers a variety ofadvantages for administration, including a common method for managingresource controls, network interfaces, and administration. It alsoprovides HVM guests with an additional layer of security and isolationnot offered by other virtualization platforms.

Finally, instances are described in JSON. Both administrativetools, imgadm and vmadm, accept and return all data in JSONformat. This provides a simple, consistent, and programmaticinterface for creating and managing VM's.

How to Use this Site¶

This documentation can provide you with a variety of resources for users atall levels. To get started, download SmartOS now,and be sure to review the Hardware Requirements.Once installed, refer to our Users Guide to helpyou learn your way around SmartOS.

When you have questions, refer to theSmartOS Community section for pointers toour IRC chat rooms and mailing lists. When you're ready to startimproving and adding your own customizations to SmartOS please refer to ourDevelopers Guide.

SmartOS is a community effort, as you explore and experiment withSmartOS please feel free to edit and contribute to this site toimprove the documentation for other users in the community.

About Triton & Joyent¶

SmartOS is a fundamental component of the Joyent Triton DataCenter (Triton) product. Tritonsource and images are available for at no cost and powers severalpublic and private clouds around the globe, namely theJoyent PublicCloud (JPC). As you use SmartOS youwill come across hooks that are used by Triton, such as file systemsand services named 'smartdc'.

If you are interested in evaluating the full Triton Data Centerproduct, please contact sales@joyent.com.

Atari DOS is the disk operating system used with the Atari 8-bit family of computers. Operating system extensions loaded into memory were required in order for an Atari computer to manage files stored on a disk drive. These extensions to the operating system added the disk handler and other file management features.

The most important extension is the disk handler. In Atari DOS 2.0, this was the File Management System (FMS), an implementation of a file system loaded from a floppy disk. This meant at least an additional 32 KBRAM was needed to run with DOS loaded.

Versions[edit]

There were several versions of Atari DOS available, with the first version released in 1979.^[1] Atari was using a cross assembler with Data General AOS.

DOS 1.0[edit]

In the first version of DOS from Atari all commands were only accessible from the menu. It was bundled with the 810 disk drives. This version was entirely memory resident, which made it fast but occupied memory space.

DOS 2.0[edit]

Also known as DISK OPERATING SYSTEM II VERSION 2.0S

The second, more popular version of DOS from Atari was bundled with the 810 disk drives and some early 1050 disk drives. It is considered to be the lowest common denominator for Atari DOSes, as any Atari-compatible disk drive can read a disk formatted with DOS 2.0S.

DOS 2.0S consisted of DOS.SYS and DUP.SYS. DOS.SYS was loaded into memory, while DUP.SYS contained the disk utilities and was loaded only when the user exited to DOS.

In addition to bug fixes, DOS 2.0S featured improved NOTE/POINT support and the ability to automatically run an Atari executable file named AUTORUN.SYS. Since user memory was erased when DUP.SYS was loaded, an option to create a MEM.SAV file was added. This stored user memory in a temporary file (MEM.SAV) and restored it after DUP.SYS was unloaded. The previous menu option from DOS 1.0, N. DEFINE DEVICE, was replaced with N. CREATE MEM.SAV in DOS 2.0S.

Version 2.0S was for single-density disks, 2.0D was for double-density disks. 2.0D shipped with the 815 Dual Disk Drive, which was both expensive and incompatible with the standard 810, and thus sold only a small number; making DOS version 2.0D rare and unusual.

DOS 3[edit]

A new version of DOS that came originally bundled with the 5.25-inch Atari 1050 disk drive. This made use of the new Enhanced Density (ED) capability (referred to by Atari as Dual Density and not to be confused with later extra-high density (ED) perpendicular recording floppy disks) offered by the 1050. This increased storage from 88 KB to 130 KB per disk. There was a single density (88 KB) formatting option to maintain compatibility with older Atari 810 disk drives.

By organizing sectors into blocks, Atari was anticipating larger capacity floppy disks, but this resulted in incompatibility with DOS 2.0S. Files converted to DOS 3 could not be converted back to DOS 2.0. As a result, DOS 3 was extremely unpopular and did not gain widespread acceptance amongst the Atari user community.DOS 3 provided built-in help via the Atari HELP key and/or the inverse key. Help files needed to be present on the system DOS disk to function properly.DOS 3 also used special XIO commands to control disc operations within BASIC programs.

DOS 2.5[edit]

Also known as DISK OPERATING SYSTEM II VERSION 2.5

Version 2.5 is an upgrade to 3.0.^[2] After listening to complaints by their customers, Atari released an improved version of their previous DOS. This allowed the use of Enhanced Density disks, and there was a utility to read DOS 3 disks. An additional option was added to the menu (P. FORMAT SINGLE) to format single-density disks. DOS 2.5 was shipped with 1050 disk drives and some early XF551 disk-drives.

Included utilities were DISKFIX.COM, COPY32.COM, SETUP.COM and RAMDISK.COM.

DOS 4.0[edit]

Codename during production: QDOS

DOS 4.0 was designed for the never-released 1450XLD. The rights were returned to the author, Michael Barall, who placed it in the public domain. It was later published by Antic Software. DOS 4.0 used blocks instead of single sectors, and supported single, enhanced, and double density, as well as both single- and double-sided drives. DOS 4.0 was not compatible with DOS 2 or 3 disks but could read files from them. It also did not automatically switch densities, and it was necessary to go to the menu and manually select the correct density.

DOS XE[edit]

Codename during production: ADOS

DOS XE supported the double-density and double-sided capabilities of the Atari XF551 drive, as well as its burst I/O. DOS XE used a new disk format which was incompatible with DOS 2.0S and DOS 2.5, requiring a separate utility for reading older 2.0 files. It also required bank-switched RAM, so it did not run on the 400/800 machines. It supported date-stamping of files and sub-directories.

DOS XE was the last DOS made by Atari for the Atari 8-bit family.

Third-party DOS programs[edit]

Many of these DOSes were released by manufacturers of third-party drives, anyone who made drive modifications, or anyone who was dissatisfied with the available DOSes. Often, these DOSes could read disks in higher densities, and could set the drive to read disks faster (using Warp Speed or Ultra-Speed techniques). Most of these DOSes (except SpartaDOS) were DOS 2.0 compatible.

DOS 2.6[edit]

Someone in the Atari hacker community^[who?] modified DOS 2.0 to add a few features and allow the use of dual density disk drives, with the 'look and feel' of DOS 2.0.^{[citation needed]} One new feature added was 'RADIX', which one could use to translate hexadecimal numbers to base 10 or base 10 to hex.

SmartDOS[edit]

Menu driven DOS that was compatible with DOS 2.0. Among the first third-party DOS programs to support double-density drives.

Many enhancements including sector copying and verifying, speed checking, turning on/off file verifying and drive reconfiguration.

Published by Rana Systems. Written by John Chenoweth and Ron Bieber, last version 8.2D.

OS/A+ and DOS XL[edit]

DOS produced by Optimized Systems Software. Compatible with DOS 2.0 - Allowed the use of Double Density floppies. Unlike most ATARI DOSses, this used a command line instead of a menu. DOS XL provided a menu program in addition to the command line.

SuperDOS[edit]

This DOS could read SS/SD, SS/ED, SS/DD and DS/DD disks, and made use of all known methods of speeding up disk-reads supported by the various third-party drive manufacturers.

Published by Technical Support^{[clarification needed]}. Written by Paul Nicholls.

Top-DOS[edit]

Menu driven DOS with enhanced features. Sorts disk directory listings and can set display options. File directory can be compressed. Can display deleted files and undelete them. Some advanced features required a proprietary TOP-DOS format.

Published by Eclipse Software. Written by R. K. Bennett.

Turbo-DOS[edit]

This DOS supports Turbo 1050, Happy, Speedy, XF551 and US Doubler highspeed drives. XL/XE only.

Published by Martin Reitershan Computertechnik. Written by Herbert Barth and Frank Bruchhäuser.

MyDOS[edit]

This DOS adds the ability to use sub-directories, and supports hard-drives.

Published by Wordmark Systems, includes complete source code.

SpartaDOS[edit]

This DOS used a command-line interface. Was not compatible with DOS 2.0, but could read DOS 2.0 disks. Supports subdirectories and hard drives being capable of handling filesystems sized up to 16 MB. Included the capability to create primitive batch files.

SpartaDOS X[edit]

A more sophisticated version of SpartaDOS, which strongly resembles MS-DOS in its look and feel. It was shipped on a 64 KB ROM cartridge.

RealDOS[edit]

A SpartaDOS compatible DOS (in fact, a renamed version of SpartaDOS 3.x, due to legal reasons).

RealDOS is Shareware by Stephen J. Carden and Ken Ames.

BW-DOS[edit]

A SpartaDOS compatible DOS, the last version 1.30 was released in December 1995. It has a much lower memory footprint compared to the original SpartaDOS and does not use the RAM under the ROM of XL/XE machines, allowing it to be used on the older Atari 400/800 models.

BW-DOS is Freeware by Jiří Bernasek.

XDOS[edit]

XDOS is Freeware by Stefan Dorndorf.

Disk formats[edit]

A number of different formats existed for Atari disks. Atari DOS 2.0S, single-sided, single-density disk had 720 sectors divided into 40 tracks. After formatting, 707 sectors were free. Each 128-byte sector used the last 3 bytes for housekeeping data (bytes used, file number, next sector), leaving 125 bytes for data. This meant each disk held 707 × 125 = 88,375 bytes of user data.

The single-density disk holding a mere 88 KB per side remained the most popular Atari 8-bit disk format throughout the series' lifetime, and almost all commercial software continued to be sold in that format (or variants of it modified for copy protection), since it was compatible with all Atari-made disk drives.

• Single-Sided, Single-Density: 40 tracks with 18 sectors per track, 128 bytes per sector. 90 KB capacity.
• Single-Sided, Enhanced-Density: 40 tracks with 26 sectors per track, 128 bytes per sector. 130 KB capacity. Readable by the 1050 and the XF551.
• Single-Sided, Double-Density: 40 tracks with 18 sectors per track, 256 bytes per sector. 180 KB capacity. Readable by the XF551, the 815, or modified/upgraded 1050.
• Double-Sided, Double-Density: 80 tracks (40 tracks per side) with 18 sectors per track, 256 bytes per sector. 360 KB capacity. Readable by the XF551 only.

Percom standard[edit]

In 1978, Percom established a double-density layout standard which all other manufacturers of Atari-compatible disk drives such as Indus, Amdek, and Rana —except Atari itself— followed. A configuration block of 12 bytes defines the disk layout.^[3]

References[edit]

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1. ^AtariArchived February 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
2. ^Chadwick, Ian (1985). 'Appendix Seventeen: Dos 2.5 And The 1050 Drive'. Mapping the Atari. Greensboro, North Carolina: Compute! Publications, Inc. ISBN0-87455-004-1.
3. ^Wilkinson, Bill (October 1985). 'Atari Disk Drive Compatibility'. Compute!. pp. 110–111. Retrieved 16 October 2013.

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Notes

• Wilkinson, Bill; Compute! Publications, Inc; Optimized Systems Software, Inc (1982), Inside Atari DOS, Compute! Books, ISBN978-0-942386-02-8 (Online version)
• Mapping the Atari, Revised Edition by Ian Chadwick

External links[edit]

• Atari DOS Reference Manual — Reference manual for DOS 3.
• Antic Vol.4 No.3 Everything You Wanted To Know About Every DOS
• Atari Dos 4 (aka ANTIC Dos aka QDOS) Documentation on Atari DOS 4
• MyDOS Source Code from Wordmark Systems.

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